Artificial oxygen carriers / blood doping methods
Muscle & Strength · Oxygen delivery manipulation
Tier C
What this is
WADA coverage: perfluorochemicals, efaproxiral/RSR13, voxelotor, modified haemoglobin products, haemoglobin-based blood substitutes and microencapsulated haemoglobin products. Transfusion-style blood manipulation is outside routine health optimization and carries major medical and anti-doping risk.
Mechanism
Artificial oxygen carriers and blood manipulation aim to increase oxygen uptake, transport or delivery independent of training adaptations.
Dose & route
Not a consumer dosing intervention
Citations
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305894/
- https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/2026-prohibited-list
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